DAVIS, Judge.
Philip Morris USA, Inc., R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and Liggett Group, LLC (the Tobacco Companies), challenge the final judgment entered after jury trial which awarded James L. Douglas, as the personal representative of the Estate of Charlotte M. Douglas, $2.5 million as damages on claims based on Mrs. Douglas' smoking-related death.
Mrs. Douglas began smoking cigarettes in the mid-1960s as a teen. The complaint alleged that it was her addiction to cigarettes manufactured by the Tobacco Companies that caused her to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, which ultimately led to her death in 2008 at the age of sixty-two.
Mr. Douglas' third amended complaint alleged claims for strict liability, negligence, breach of express and implied warranty, fraudulent concealment, and conspiracy to fraudulently conceal. Mr. Douglas originally sought both compensatory and punitive damages, but he dismissed his claim for punitive damages before trial. He did not submit a verdict form on the negligence, breach of warranty, and conspiracy to fraudulently conceal counts, and the jury did not decide those issues. The jury did find each of the named defendants strictly liable for Mrs. Douglas' death, apportioning fault as follows: 50% to Mrs. Douglas, 18% to Philip Morris, 5% to R.J. Reynolds, and 27% to Liggett. Additionally, the jury found against Mr. Douglas on the issue of Mrs. Douglas' detrimental reliance on concealment or omissions by the Tobacco Companies.
The crux of this appeal is whether the trial court erred in the application of the findings reached by a jury and affirmed by the Florida Supreme Court in the class action case Engle v. Liggett Group, Inc., 945 So.2d 1246 (Fla.2006) (Engle III).
In the Engle cases, the trial court certified a class made up of "[a]ll Florida citizens and residents" "and their survivors, who have suffered, presently suffer or who have died from diseases and medical conditions caused by their addiction to cigarettes that contain nicotine."
In the instant case, the trial court advised the jury that the first issue for its consideration was whether Mrs. Douglas was a member of the class. The jury was instructed as follows:
The trial court also provided the jury with a concurring cause instruction.
The trial court further instructed the jury that if, in fact, it did determine that Mrs. Douglas was a member of the class, then it was to accept the eight Phase I Engle findings as proven fact. As part of that instruction, the trial court spelled out for the jury each of the eight Phase I findings. The trial court also advised the jury that the Tobacco Companies "have admitted that Charlotte Douglas had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, and lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking and that lung cancer caused her death."
The trial court further instructed:
The trial court then advised that
The verdict form included the following question: "Was smoking cigarettes manufactured by one or more of the Defendants a legal cause of CHARLOTTE DOUGLAS' death?" The jury responded affirmatively. The verdict form determined that each of the three named defendant Tobacco Companies manufactured a cigarette that was the legal cause of Mrs. Douglas' death.
The Tobacco Companies argue on appeal that the trial court erred in giving instructions that misinterpret the intent of the Florida Supreme Court's Engle III decision. They maintain that the Phase I findings do not relieve Mr. Douglas of the responsibility of proving the elements of the causes of action alleged in his complaint and that the findings did not foreclose the raising of the affirmative defenses to these causes of action. According to the Tobacco Companies, the Phase I findings only preclude the relitigation of the specific issues determined by the Engle jury and should not be read to preclude the litigation of the elements of each of the stated causes of action brought by individual
We affirm the trial court's final judgment with regard to both of these issues but write only on the application of the Phase I findings to subsequent suits brought by class members. These post-Engle III suits are now beginning to appear before the appellate courts; however, this is the first time this court has considered these issues. In doing so, we first note that the Florida Supreme Court characterized the Phase I findings as follows: "The jury considered common issues relating exclusively to the defendants' conduct and the general health effects of smoking." Engle III, 945 So.2d at 1256. After determining that claims for damages must be pursued individually rather than by class action, the court concluded that "[i]ndividual plaintiffs within the class will be permitted to proceed individually with the findings set forth above given res judicata effect in any subsequent trial between individual class members and the defendants, provided such action is filed within one year of the mandate in this case." Id. at 1277 (emphasis added). The issue thus becomes what the phrase "res judicata effect" means.
We begin our analysis with a review of three similar appeals—two decided by Florida state appellate courts and one by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeal. In the federal appellate case, the Eleventh Circuit reviewed an interlocutory order by which the trial court determined that the Phase I "`findings [could] not be given preclusive effect in any proceeding to establish any element of an Engle Plaintiff's claim.'" Brown v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 611 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir.2010) (alteration in original) (quoting Brown v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 576 F.Supp.2d 1328, 1348 (M.D.Fla.2008)). The Eleventh Circuit noted that the Florida Supreme Court in Engle III specifically stated that the eight findings of the trial court should be given res judicata effect in subsequent actions brought by class members. Id. at 1331. However, the court recognized that "[t]he term `res judicata' . . . can refer specifically to claim preclusion or it can refer generally to the preclusive effect of earlier litigation. When the term has that second meaning, it encompasses claim preclusion and issue preclusion, and it can mean either or both." Id. at 1331-32 (citation omitted). The Eleventh Circuit then concluded as follows:
Id. at 1333.
However, the federal court pointed out that the parties disagreed as to what issue
Id. at 1335 (footnote omitted).
The Eleventh Circuit went on to observe that the plaintiffs had not pointed to anything in the transcript of the Engle trial that showed that the jury made such specific findings. Id. Accordingly, the court vacated the federal trial court's determination that the Phase I findings could not be used to establish any element of the complaint and advised the trial court that the findings were entitled to res judicata effect as to the factual issues that were litigated and specifically resolved in the record. Id. The Eleventh Circuit then instructed the trial court on remand to determine what particular issues were litigated and resolved in Phase I and then to preclude the defendant tobacco companies from relitigating those issues. Id. at 1336. However, the Eleventh Circuit concluded that any issue not specifically designated by the record must be proven by the plaintiffs in the case before the trial court. Id.
In R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Martin, 53 So.3d 1060 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), the First District reviewed a final judgment entered in favor of an Engle class member that was based on treating the eight Phase I findings as res judicata in a manner similar to the proceedings in the instant case. In Martin, R.J. Reynolds argued that even with the application of the class findings, the class member
Id. at 1066.
R.J. Reynolds relied on the Eleventh Circuit's Brown language that limited the res judicata effect to that of issue preclusion rather than claim preclusion because only factual issues were decided by the jury in Engle. Id. at 1067. The Martin court reacted to Brown as follows:
Id.
The First District concluded that the Phase I findings on these common issues sufficiently proved the elements of the several causes of action except for the requirement of a causal connection for each cause of action, detrimental reliance for the fraudulent concealment claim, and proof of resulting damages for each claim. Id. at 1068. The court cited the Final Judgment and Omnibus Order entered by the Engle trial court as conclusive on each of the elements of the causes of action. Id. Having determined that the Engle jury made factual findings on the elements, the First District then concluded that the Martin trial court properly relied on the Phase I findings and that there was no need for the plaintiff class member to "independently prove up those elements or demonstrate the relevance of the findings to their lawsuits, assuming they assert the same claims raised in the class action." Id. at 1069.
Subsequently, in R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Brown, 70 So.3d 707 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011),
The Fourth District then addressed the Eleventh Circuit's conclusion in its Brown case that the Florida Supreme Court's reference to res judicata in Engle III was limited to issue preclusion. The Fourth District concluded that although "the Martin court did not go far enough[,] the [Eleventh Circuit] went too far." Id. at 715. The Fourth District "[b]y and large" agreed with the Eleventh Circuit that the Florida Supreme Court's reference to res judicata in Engle III meant issue preclusion but not claim preclusion. Id.
Id. (citations omitted).
The Fourth District went on to state that a class member must prove more than class membership and damages to prevail. The Phase I "findings preclusively establish the conduct elements of the strict liability and negligence claims. . . . Nevertheless, the remaining elements of the underlying claims, i.e.[,] legal causation and damages, must be proven in the second phase of trial." Id. Additionally, the court noted that the legal causation for negligence and strict liability is distinguishable from the causation that proves addiction resulting in class membership. To satisfy the "burden of proving legal causation in a strict liability or negligence claim" post-Engle III plaintiffs must show "(i) [that] the defendant's failure to exercise reasonable care was a legal cause of decedent's death[ ] and (ii) [that] the defective and unreasonably dangerous cigarettes were a legal cause of decedent's death." Id. The Fourth District disagreed with the First District's opinion in Martin on this point because there were no specific instructions on legal causation on the negligence and strict liability claims given to the Martin jury. The Fourth District concluded that by allowing the legal causation instruction used on the issue of addiction to justify a finding of legal causation on the strict liability and negligence claims, the Martin court read the Florida Supreme Court's res judicata language in Engle III to be that of claim preclusion instead of issue preclusion. The Fourth District rejected such a conclusion. Id. at 716.
In analyzing the facts of its Brown case, the Fourth District looked at the individual claims as they related to the Phase I findings. In regard to strict liability, the court concluded that the Phase I findings determined that R.J. Reynolds placed cigarettes on the market that were defective and unreasonably dangerous and that this established the conduct portion of a strict liability claim in post-Engle III actions. Id. at 717. The court noted that the cigarettes smoked by the plaintiff were the same brand manufactured by R.J. Reynolds. Id. The court rejected R.J. Reynolds' argument that the plaintiff should be required to point out the specific defect existing in specific cigarettes before being entitled to the benefit of the Phase I finding on this issue. Id. The court noted, however, that for the plaintiff to prevail on the strict liability theory, instructions on the remaining elements of legal causation and damages must be given and the jury must make the necessary findings. Id. The court approved the trial court's bifurcating the proceeding to allow the jury to first consider class membership and then subsequently consider the causes of action based on the application of the Phase I findings. Id. An instruction on causation was given to the jury during the first proceedings, and the jury found that the plaintiff was a member of the class. Id. Because a second instruction was given and the jury found for the plaintiff on legal causation during the second proceeding, the Fourth District affirmed the award on the theory of strict liability. Id.
Likewise on the negligence claim, the Fourth District found that the Phase I findings established the elements of duty to exercise reasonable care and a breach of that duty by R.J. Reynolds. Id. at 718. The court stated that post-Engle III plaintiffs are not required to litigate these issues again but that trial courts must instruct juries on the issues of legal causation, comparative fault, and damages and allow juries to make findings as to each issue. Id. Again, because the trial court in Brown properly instructed the jury and the jury made the necessary findings during the second proceeding, the Fourth
With these three cases in mind, we now turn our attention to the facts and record before us. We agree with the Fourth District's conclusions that the Florida Supreme Court's language in Engle III clearly states that the jury findings in that case are binding on future claims as to the issues of the Tobacco Companies' conduct. The supreme court described those findings as "common issues relating exclusively to the defendants' conduct and the general health effects of smoking." Engle III, 945 So.2d at 1256. The supreme court then concluded that "[c]lass members can choose to initiate individual damages actions and [that] the Phase I common core findings . . . will have res judicata effect in those trials." Id. at 1269.
We also agree with the Fourth District in concluding that to require post-Engle III plaintiffs to relitigate issues related to the Tobacco Companies' conduct and the general health effects of smoking would undercut the intent of the Florida Supreme Court's Engle III decision. As such, like the Fourth District, we reject the Tobacco Companies' argument that post-Engle III plaintiffs should be required to prove specific defects existing in specific cigarettes.
We further note that we do not read the Fourth District's opinion in Brown to require a bifurcated trial court proceeding but rather only to require that the jury be instructed on legal causation separately for the consideration of class membership and then again for consideration of the cause of action.
Because the Engle Phase I findings are accepted as to the conduct of the Tobacco Companies and the health effects of smoking, to prevail on the theory of strict liability in the instant case, Mr. Douglas needed only to prove legal causation and damages on his claims. The verdict form clearly posed the question of legal causation to the jury, and the jury made a finding that Mrs. Douglas' diseases were legally caused by her smoking cigarettes manufactured by the Tobacco Companies. That coupled with the Phase I finding that the cigarettes were "defective and unreasonably dangerous" amounts to strict liability. We therefore affirm the final judgment based on a theory of strict liability.
Finally, the Tobacco Companies also argue that the Eleventh Circuit in its Brown case concluded that to allow res judicata to apply to the Phase I findings would be a violation of their due process rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This argument was rejected by both the First District in Martin and the Fourth District in Brown. Furthermore, this position more recently has been rejected by the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida in Waggoner v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., No. 3:09-cv-10367-J-37JBT, ___ F.Supp.2d ___, 2011 WL 6371882 (M.D.Fla. Dec. 20, 2011). We too reject this argument.
We do agree, however, that the issue is one that will be applicable to the many individual class member cases now being
Affirmed; question certified.
WHATLEY, J., Concurs.
ALTENBERND, J. Concurs with opinion.
ALTENBERND, Judge, Concurring.
I fully concur in the court's opinion. I write only to note that the parties in this case, in addition to submitting excellent briefing, provided copies of the several sets of jury instructions used in the other cases cited in the court's opinion. Given the number of pending cases that are affected by Engle III, it might be helpful if the supreme court approved a standard set of jury instructions for use in Engle cases.